Tasnim International Journal for Human, Social and Legal Sciences

Banks and Their Role in Achieving Sustainable Development: An Applied Study on Rafidain Bank

ابتسام احمد فتاح — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sustainable development is one of the most pressing contemporary challenges facing societies, as it requires a balance between economic growth, environmental preservation, and social justice. In this context, financial institutions, particularly banks, play a pivotal role in achieving the goals of sustainable development through their financing policies, investments, and support for projects with economic, social, and environmental impact. With the evolution of economic concepts, it has become necessary to reconsider the roles of banks as active tools in comprehensive development, rather than merely traditional lending entities. This research aims to analyze the role of banks, specifically Rafidain Bank, in supporting and implementing the requirements of sustainable development by examining its financing policies, the projects it funds, and its contributions to environmental, social, and corporate social responsibility domains. The importance of the study lies in highlighting the relationship between banking policies and sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Iraq, while uncovering the challenges and opportunities available for banks to effectively contribute to this developmental path. The research problem stems from the relative weakness in the contribution of some Iraqi banks to achieving sustainable development, despite the importance of this role in light of current economic and environmental conditions. From this arises the main research question: To what extent does Rafidain Bank contribute to achieving sustainable development in Iraq? The study hypothesizes the existence of a statistically significant relationship between Rafidain Bank’s developmental activities and the realization of sustainable development dimensions. The study will be conducted on a sample of (30) administrative and executive employees within Rafidain Bank in Baghdad, who are directly involved in policy formulation or in the implementation of financing programs. The research adopts the descriptive-analytical method, using a questionnaire to measure employees’ perceptions regarding the bank’s adoption of sustainable development concepts and practices, in addition to analyzing the bank’s official data and reports. The study seeks to provide practical recommendations that enhance Rafidain Bank’s developmental role and encourage other Iraqi banks to adopt responsible financial policies that support sustainable development goals.

The Concept of International Treaties and Their Role in Conflict Resolution

احمد فرج شكر — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

International treaties are considered one of the fundamental tools of international law to regulate relations among states and to settle disputes arising between them. This research aims to examine the concept and types of international treaties, focusing on their effective role in resolving international conflicts during the period (2003–2023). The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach through the analysis of legal texts and relevant academic studies. The research concludes that international treaties have played a significant role in reducing international disputes; however, their effectiveness has often been limited due to political interests and weak enforcement mechanisms.

Reconciling the Provisions of Islamic Sharia and the Principles of Civil Law in Regulating Private Relations

اسامة حسن هويدي, عبدالله عمر احمد النيساني — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

For centuries, Islamic Sharia remained the sole reference framework for regulating private relations in Islamic societies, relying on a comprehensive system of jurisprudential rulings derived from the Holy Qur’an and the Prophetic Sunnah, along with the rigorous scholarly interpretations that stemmed from them. With the advent of legal modernization in the Islamic world—particularly following the influence of Western civil law systems in the wake of colonialism—the need arose to reconsider how private relations are regulated, in a way that reconciles religious authenticity with the demands of the modern age. Civil law, as one of the most prominent forms of codified legislation, seeks to regulate private relations between individuals based on principles of justice and equality, relying on abstract rules aimed at achieving social and economic stability. However, these rules often diverge from the provisions of Sharia, which are rooted in a distinct religious and ethical philosophy. This presents a fundamental challenge: how to reconcile the two systems without compromising the essence of either. Many Arab and Islamic countries have adopted hybrid legal models, drawing inspiration from Islamic Sharia in certain areas while relying on civil law in others, in an effort to strike a balance between religious reference and contemporary legal reality. While countries such as Saudi Arabia and Yemen have adopted Sharia as the sole and primary source of legislation, others like Jordan and Egypt have codified Sharia provisions within the framework of civil law, benefiting from the Western experience in drafting legal rules. Manifestations of reconciliation between the two systems are evident in several domains, most notably contracts, property, and civil liability. Islamic jurisprudence had already developed precise rules for regulating these relations, such as the principle “contracts are the law of the contracting parties,” the rule “harm must be eliminated,” and the maxim “liability accompanies benefit.” Arab legislators drew upon these principles and incorporated them into civil law texts, with modifications suited to the modern legal context. Reconciling Islamic Sharia provisions with civil law principles is not merely a process of merging texts; it is a profound intellectual endeavor that requires a deep understanding of the spirit of both systems, and a grasp of the objectives of Sharia and the principles of codified justice. Hence, the importance of this research lies in shedding light on the mechanisms of reconciliation, identifying points of harmony and divergence, and proposing practical approaches to achieving legislative integration that preserves Islamic identity while keeping pace with contemporary developments.

The Influence of Personal Values and Cultural Beliefs on the Adoption of Sustainable Lifestyle

أسماء شاكر عبود زبار العلواني — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research explores the role of personal values and cultural beliefs in shaping and guiding individuals' behavior toward adopting sustainable lifestyles. The literature indicates that values such as responsibility, justice, and respect for nature are fundamental and primary drivers for embracing environmentally friendly practices. Cultural beliefs also play a pivotal role in either promoting or restricting such behavior through societal norms and cultural symbols. This research highlights the importance of integrating these factors into environmental policies and awareness programs to enhance the effectiveness of the transition toward sustainability. The research used a questionnaire consisting of a personal values scale, a cultural beliefs scale, and a sustainable behaviors scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, factor analysis, retrospective analysis, and regression analysis.

Psychological Warfare Methods in the Light of the Holy Quran and Their Impact on the Individual and Society

أسماء محمد يعرب موسى — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Qur'an is God's revealed book, the eternal miracle of the Prophet, and a constitution organizing all aspects of human life. It addresses psychological warfare through verses warning against lying, falsehood, and deception, offering a complete framework for facing psychological challenges. Analysing these verses allows for a deeper understanding of this phenomenon and how to confront it based on Islamic principles, which laid the foundations for war, including self-defence and jihad through one's person, wealth, and tongue. Today, the "tongue" (media/propaganda) is among the most dangerous types of war. Its danger lies in its diverse methods of controlling minds, being a war of ideas aimed at changing convictions and casting doubt on beliefs. Its weapons are hidden under the guise of entertainment, culture, and science, aiming to destroy the foundations of any civilization. It has become the primary weapon for states to achieve goals with minimal losses. Psychological warfare, which aims to influence individuals and societies through rumours and misinformation, poses a significant challenge. Research Importance: 1. Understanding enemy strategies to undermine morale. 2. Enhancing a state's ability to counter misinformation and rumours, and understanding how to shape public opinion. 3. Including the ethical and legal dimensions of this warfare. 4. Helping formulate international laws to regulate its use and studying the impact of modern technology and social media. 5. Developing new techniques to detect and combat psychological campaigns. 6. Essential for strengthening national defensive/offensive capabilities and ensuring stability. Research Objectives: To clarify the concept, methods, and effects of psychological warfare. This research focuses on studying psychological warfare—its causes, objectives, methods, and effects—relying on Qur'anic methodology and inductive analysis to derive lessons for a deeper understanding of its impact on the individual and society in the modern age. Research Structure: · Chapter 1: Definition and Concept of Psychological Warfare. · Chapter 2: Methods of Psychological Warfare in the Qur'an (those used against Muslims and those used by Muslims). Chapter 3: Positive and Negative Effects of Psychological Warfare on the Individual and Society. The conclusion will include the research findings and recommendations.

The Impact of the Postmodern Novel on Shaping Reader Awareness: A Study of the Novel “Beyond the Borders” as a Model

جعفر محمد صبَّار — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The novel has an important position among readers; The fact that she does not say history, the thing that made it a cultural discourse utter visions of a culture or a specific group that reflects its vision of the world, thus it contributes to the formation of awareness and social standards in some way. This type of novel belongs to the postmodern novel; Because these novels carry a culture after its modernity with their anatomical character of reality, according to Stephen Heath: It is "a culture capable of producing stories with abundance of illusion", which gives it importance in the critical lesson. And the term postmodernism, as Muhammad Sabila said: "The term coated with soap"; Being a sloping may distort the reader's thought away from his path, postmodernism carries two aspects: positive: the history of the marginalized appears and focuses on the silence about it, and my negative: is often skeptical of the constants and disguise to them, and the danger in showing the pentities and their role in reshaping awareness on the pretext that they are solutions to reality. The research focuses on (the negative side), taking a novel (outside the border) by Nour Al -Huda as an example; Because I carried intellectual loads and the coffins it brought out. The problem of research: how to reshape awareness of the reader according to what the novel proposes, and the most prominent mechanisms that contribute to its formation. As for its goal: showing the effect of narration on the formation of consciousness, according to the methodology (description and analysis). The research consisted of two axes: (theoretical) entitled (the novel as a cultural discourse), with three paragraphs: the first: I talked about the novel and its cultural influence, and the second: the role of the novel in the formation of consciousness, and the third: the role of the novel and the reader in creating the meaning. As for the axis (applied): entitled: (Metals are consciousness in a novel outside the border), it also included three paragraphs: the first: I talked about the novelist character and its role in the formation of consciousness, and the second: the role of the narrative event in formation, and the third: the role of authoritarian criticism in the formation of consciousness. Let's finish the conclusion, results, margins and sources.

Lateral Thinking Among Secondary School Students

حلا علي حسين العبودي — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The current research problem includes the following questions: 1- Do middle school students possess lateral thinking? 2- Are there statistically significant differences among middle school students based on the following variables: gender (males - females) and specialization (scientific - literary)? Research objectives: 1. To identify lateral thinking among middle school students (fourth and fifth grades). 2. To identify statistically significant differences in lateral thinking according to gender (males - females) and specialization (scientific - literary). Research Methodology: The researcher used the descriptive approach as it was most appropriate for the research sample. The research sample community of middle school students in Najaf Governorate was (22505) male and female students from both levels, the number of the fourth grade of them was (15762), the number of the scientific grade of them was (14468), the number of males was (10499), and the number of females was (3969). As for the literary grade, it was (1294), the number of males was (706), the number of females was (588), and the number of the fifth grade of them was (6743), the number of scientific grade of them was (5801), the number of males was (2432), while the number of females was (3369). As for the literary branch, their total was (942), the number of males was (481), and the number of females was (461). The basic research sample was selected using a stratified random method. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher built a lateral thinking scale. Statistical analysis indicators such as validity and reliability were verified. The number of lateral thinking items was (30). Thus, the lowest score obtained by the respondent was (30), and the highest score obtained by the respondent was (150). The hypothetical average score for the lateral thinking scale was (90). The higher the respondent obtained on this scale, the more he/she possesses lateral thinking. The results of the current study are as follows: 1. Middle school students exhibit lateral thinking. 2. There are statistically significant differences in lateral thinking according to the gender variable, in favor of females. 3. There are statistically significant differences in lateral thinking according to the branch variable, with the scientific branch being the preferred branch.

The Role of Civil Society Organizations in Strengthening Democratic Development in Iraq

حنين كامل مهدي — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Civil society is considered one of the fundamental pillars of building the modern state and consolidating democratic practices, as it plays a pivotal role in enhancing popular participation and reinforcing the principles of transparency, pluralism, and human rights. In Iraq, the urgent need for civil society organizations emerged after 2003, because of the political, security, and social transformations the country experienced, accompanied by the collapse of state institutions and the escalation of sectarian conflicts and communal strife. This study focuses on analyzing the role of civil society organizations in strengthening democratic consolidation in Iraq, by examining their emergence, mechanisms of activation, and the challenges they face, while also exploring their prospects as one of the key pillars of democratic transition.

Social Responsibility In Reducing Poverty Involves Promoting Community Development

شهد سلمان هلال المحمدي — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Social responsibility is one of the most prominent modern tools that countries and institutions resort to in order to confront societal challenges, foremost among them the problem of poverty, which constitutes a real obstacle to achieving sustainable development. This research aims to study the role of social responsibility, whether at the individual or institutional level, in reducing poverty and promoting sustainable community development. The theoretical framework focuses on clarifying the three basic concepts: social responsibility, poverty, and sustainable development. It also addresses the interactive relationship between them and explains how social and economic initiatives implemented by institutions lead to positive long-term impacts on society. The research reviewed successful experiences of companies and institutions that implemented social programs with a tangible impact on reducing poverty, whether through financing small projects, training and qualifying youth, or improving the level of public services. The research used a questionnaire consisting of a personal values scale and a cultural beliefs scale, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation coefficients. The research concluded that promoting social responsibility is a strategic necessity for achieving sustainable community development, not a voluntary option, and requires close cooperation between governments, the private sector, and civil society. The research also recommended enacting laws that incentivize companies to invest in social development, with a focus on the most vulnerable groups.

The Phenomenon of Bullying: Causes and Remedies

شيماء شاكر غالي — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Bullying is one of the dangerous social phenomena that affect individuals and societies, as its negative effects are reflected on mental health, social behavior, and external behavior. Most often, it leaves long-term effects. My study of this phenomenon is divided into two axes. The first axis: the phenomenon of bullying in terms of its manifestations, causes, and its represented impacts on the individual’s personality, within the family, in school among students, between students and teachers, in society, and in the media. As for the second axis, it addresses the treatments of the phenomenon of bullying at different levels, in addition to mentioning the applications and methods that contribute to addressing this negative phenomenon. “Calling this phenomenon ‘bullying’ is, in my view, an exaggeration. Bullying is the behavior of tigers, that is, the behavior of my animal creatures — may God preserve you. This causes belittling and underestimating the human being, the student. Therefore, whenever we try to reconsider it, we can address the phenomenon of bullying.”.

Food Discourse in the Abbasid Era: A Study Selected from Poetry

صفاء علي أحمد — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Abbasid era witnessed a unique cultural and intellectual development, one of its most prominent features being the diversity and diversity of discourses. Among these discourses, the "discourse of food" stands out as a profound representation of intertwined cultural, social, and intellectual dimensions. Food in poetry is not merely a sensory term or a biological need; rather, it is a metaphor and symbol, a cultural manifestation, and a window into the interpretation of taste, power, identity, and beauty. Hence, an analysis of the discourse of food in Abbasid poetry reveals complex semantic layers that transcend the function of taste to reach multiple symbolic, aesthetic, and intellectual levels. The choice of poetry as a field for analyzing this discourse stems from its broader manifestation in this era. Poets expressed their worlds through the language of food: description, appetization, sarcasm, praise, satire, and sometimes as a tool of resistance or a symbol of authority. In this context, the dining table becomes a space for boasting or mockery, for revealing class disparities or manifestations of luxury, or even for intensifying the image of the poetic self through food metaphors.

Tourism Planning for the Najaf Depressions (Lake Najaf): A Vision for Urban and Regional Planning

طالب طارش طاهر المسافر — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores the planning and tourism potentials of the Najaf Depression، particularly Lake Najaf ، through an approach grounded in the concepts of sustainable urban and regional planning. Lake Najaf is considered a significant natural resource ، possessing substantial environmental and tourism potential. However ، it suffers from neglect ، poor planning، and a lack of integration into local development strategies. The research aims to analyze the geographical and natural characteristics of Lake Najaf ، assess the current tourism and urban realities ، and then present an integrated and feasible planning vision. The study adopts the descriptive - analytical method ، the case study approach ، and urban planning methodology to identify the strengths ، weaknesses ، opportunities ، and challenges of the Lake Najaf area. The findings indicate that Lake Najaf could be transformed into a sustainable and integrated environmental and tourism center if a phased plan is adopted. This plan should include infrastructure development ، enhancement of tourism services ، and linking the area with other attraction centers in the governorate and across Iraq within a comprehensive and executable regional vision. The study recommends that all local institutions and the private sector participate in the planning process. It also calls for the activation of legislation protecting natural resources and the development of tourism marketing plans that rely on the cultural and religious identity of Najaf. Moreover ، it advocates for the establishment of a local authority specialized in managing and planning Lake Najaf and its surrounding depressions to ensure the effective role of tourism in sustainable development.

Mental Toughness And Its Relationship To Some Variables Among Middle School Students

طه عبدالحميد محمود — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mental toughness plays an important role in helping students confront, overcome, and recover from problems, challenges, and crises. It also helps students control emotions, develop self-confidence, believe in and adhere to decisions, and develop their self-esteem when facing these challenges. Students with weak mental toughness may experience diminished achievement, distracted minds, and diminished determination and competence. This is especially true since middle school students need this mental toughness to achieve academic excellence and psychological stability. It acts as a protective shield for them in the face of difficulties and in seeking appropriate opportunities to develop and enhance their capabilities in all aspects of their personality. (Madid: 2023). Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in positive concepts in psychology, given that. The research aimed to identify the level of mental toughness among university students and the statistically significant differences in the level of mental toughness according to the variable of gender (males - females), specialization (scientific - literary), and type of study (morning - evening). The current research community included middle school students for the academic year (2023-2024), whose number was (12463), and the research sample included (400) male and female students. The research required preparing a research tool to measure the level of mental toughness. By reviewing a number of literature and previous studies, the researcher prepared a research tool that is compatible with the nature of the sample and the research problem. To analyze the data and extract results, the researcher used a number of appropriate statistical tools and methods. The results showed that the sample members enjoyed a good level of mental resilience and that there were no statistically significant differences in the level of mental resilience and the type of study, and that there was a statistically significant difference in the level of mental resilience at a significance level of (0.05). In light of the results, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposal.

The Oil and Gas Industry in Iraq and the Extent of Workforce Contribution

عباس علي جمعة, عيسى جعفر باقر — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aims to address a significant knowledge gap by examining the relationship between human resource management practices and performance in the Iraqi oil and gas sector, a field vital to the national economy. The research focuses specifically on the Basra Oil Company as a case study, seeking to offer detailed insights into how human resource practices influence the company’s financial performance. To achieve this objective, a self-report questionnaire was designed to measure both HR practices and financial performance. The questionnaire was distributed to a comprehensive sample of 150 employees at the Basra Oil Company between January and March 2024, yielding an exceptional response rate of 100 percent, which strengthened the reliability of the findings. The study employed a rigorous analytical methodology, using confirmatory factor analysis to identify and measure the key HRM practices. Regression analysis was then applied to assess the relationship between these practices and employees’ self-reported financial performance. The findings revealed a positive and statistically significant relationship between HR practices and financial performance, indicating that investment in effective HR strategies can enhance performance within Iraq’s oil and gas sector. This study offers a valuable contribution to the scholarly literature, particularly in the Iraqi context, where empirical data remain limited. It also provides practical insights for managers and academics interested in understanding the complex relationship between human resource management and financial performance, enabling them to make informed decisions that support performance improvement and strengthen competitiveness in this strategic sector.

Intellectual capital and development from a sociological perspective (analytical study)

عبد الله حسين حمد عمعوم — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The problem of the study is that the absence or weakness of intellectual capital represents an obstacle to the development of less developed regions, especially in developing countries or those witnessing internal disagreements or conflicts. Iraqi educational institutions are also concerned with the production of intellectual capital. On the other hand, they adopted policies that resulted in the laws of privatization of education to reduce On the shoulders of the state, it has contributed to creating a reality that is not devoid of negatives, the spread of corruption, a lack of quality, and faltering development, and thus educational outcomes cannot compete in the local and global market. The study aimed to identify the importance of intellectual and cognitive capital in development processes, shed light on the most important sources of intellectual capital, identify the obstacles and challenges facing intellectual capital, and reach proposals for adopting an educational policy that achieves intellectual capital that contributes to development and meets the aspirations of Iraqi society. Regarding the importance of the study, intellectual capital comes from being the most valuable asset in light of the knowledge economy and constitutes the competitive advantage for current organizations and institutions that adopt creative intellectual products and keeping pace with the wide interest in the subject of intellectual capital at the level of international organizations to adopt research programs on intellectual capital as it is effective wealth in Achieving development, excellence, and creating creativity and innovation. From previous studies related to the subject of the study (Iraqi, Arab, and foreign) , the theories explaining the study are the theory of organizations, which assumes that institutions are a social unit created by society to satisfy certain needs, and this unit exercises its work within the framework of a specific social environment or with other units or organizations in society and works in The framework of the general goal of society, and that the nature of the goals that organizations or institutions seek to achieve depends on the positive role they provide through their programs and projects that they present to achieve their goals in a sustainable manner, with the intellectual capital they possess that contributes to achieving economic and social development, and through this theory the researcher can Identify the obstacles that organizations or institutions face through social construction, the nature of relationships and interactions, and the quality of the inputs and outputs of the organization and educational institution that work within the framework of the general goal of society. The type of study is descriptive and analytical, based on the theoretical framework of intellectual capital in organizations and institutions built by society. The study reached some results: the success of development and achieving its goals contributes to the development of society, and increasing intellectual capital is linked to the quality of university education, and incomplete development in its political and economic aspects. Social, health and educational capital does not create knowledge capital, due to the absence of attracting qualified individuals and selecting them for jobs in community institutions, including education.

Extracurricular Educational Activities and Their Role in Developing Students’ Life Skills: Perspectives of Educational Activity Specialists in the Directorates of Education in Al-Diwaniyah

عبير عباس حسن — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

research aims to explore extracurricular activities and their role in enhancing students' life skills from the perspective of educational activity specialists in the Diwaniya Education Directorates, as these activities play a vital role in developing students' skills and refining their personalities to become more cooperative and positive. It also provides the opportunity to discover and develop students' talents, abilities, and inclinations, enabling them to acquire the necessary experiences to face the challenges of practical life. Among the essential personal skills that extracurricular activities enhance, communication skills stand out due to their social importance. After reviewing previous studies, the current research addressed the impact of extracurricular activities from the perspective of specialists in educational activities in the Diwaniyah Education Directorates, thru the programs they offer to develop students' life skills during the academic year 2025/2024. The research relied on the descriptive method, using the questionnaire and personal interview as tools for data collection. One of the most prominent findings of the study was the low participation of students in extracurricular activities, and the lack of significant differences in general between participating and non-participating students regarding communication skills. Recommendations were provided based on the study's results.

النقد الأدبي الإدراكي وتحوّل مسارات الاشتغال

علي محمد نور مجيد عباس — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

research highlights the major shift that has recently occurred in the course of critical study and the adoption of mental analysis as the starting point for critical studies. There are now standardized functions of language as they occur in the human brain and mind. As a result, there has been a shift in the function of language from communicative and informative to linguistic and cognitive, It has become clear that cognitive analysis in literary discourses has become more general in the issue of criticism and the link between linguistic sciences and cognitive neurosciences?, and thus the focus on the mental processes involved in understanding literature and interpreting the processes of critical analysis, and how do cognitive processes such as perception, memory and attention affect the reading experience?, How do readers create mental representations of the world in relation to reality? How do they attribute beliefs, intentions, and representations to others and give them mental life? How do they study language, describe and explain its methodology, structure, and functions, and how are they achieved through the language system?, Based on these data, the research addresses the problem of cognitive connections in the field of literary criticism, which is considered the core of the unique human cognitive capacity to produce, transmit, and process meaning. Despite the simplicity of this idea, it is powerful in two respects: first, by providing procedures and principles for some phenomena of meaning and reasoning, and second, by providing us with insights into the organization of cognitive fields to which we do not have direct access.

Suggestive Connotation In The Narrations Of Imam Ali Bin Muhammad Al-Hadi (Peace Be Upon Him) In Light Of Cognitive Linguistics

علــي مـيران جبــار المنكوشــي — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research addresses the phenomenon of suggestive meaning, the linguistic concept of which originated in cognitive linguistics. This concept has a prominent feature in contemporary linguistics. Suggestive meaning is characterized by its possession of similar procedures and knowledge directed toward the process of producing the meaning of linguistic expression, with its meanings and purposes varying according to its users, whether through the phonetic, morphological, syntactic, or lexical influence of the linguistic term , The central meaning in the linguistic structure and the suggestive meaning in the marginal or added sense to that structure and branching from it, meaning that the meaning of what comes out of the understanding as a mental image explains that structure and places it in an environment from which that same meaning is presented for acceptance and conditional on perception; thus it is considered a shared social phenomenon and not an individual dynamic process, and the mental structures themselves control perception and thus establish the linguistic system, This is what (Jackendoff) sees as the levels of mental representation of the linguistic structure being completely in harmony with the linguistic system surrounding it that achieves a comprehensive linguistic theory, and the words of the infallible Imam are nothing but an important step in investing linguistic and linguistic effort and also a fruit of the fruits of cognitive and cultural communication despite the abundance of beliefs and the consolidation of heavenly values and the completion of life and legislative functions in achieving the principles of the Holy Qur’an and the pure prophetic Sunnah, Therefore, which aimed to research its journey from the aspects of the mechanisms used for the cognitive linguistic theory, relying on studying the speeches of the Imam (peace be upon him) to the recipient, and to place most of my attention on studying the suggestive meaning that achieves its acceptance by the recipient.

The Impact of Digital Innovation on the Financial Stability of Commercial Banks: A Comparative Study in Nascent Markets

رائد قائد حسين, فاطمة جواد شاكر — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines the impact of digital innovation on the financial stability of commercial banks in emerging markets, with a particular focus on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. The topic is important given the rapid transformations taking place in the global banking sector due to digitalization, and the opportunities it presents for enhancing efficiency and financial inclusion, while simultaneously posing potential risks related to cyberattacks, financial interconnectedness, and weak infrastructure and governance. The study adopted a quantitative approach using panel data for a number of emerging countries over the period (2011–2023), drawing on Global Findex and IMF Financial Access Survey databases, as well as specialized international reports. Digital innovation was measured through indicators such as digital payments, e-wallets, and the number of active bank cards, while financial stability was measured through indicators such as the Z-score, non-performing loan ratio (NPL), and capital adequacy ratio (CAR). The study used a fixed effects (FE) model to test the relationship, in addition to a System GMM model to address reverse causality. - The results showed that digital innovation is positively associated with financial stability at moderate levels of use, but its effect shifts to negative when relied upon excessively, confirming the existence of an inverted U relationship. The results also showed that the impact varied across regions. It was strong in the Gulf countries and emerging Asia, thanks to infrastructure, while it was weak or negative in some North African and Sub-Saharan African countries due to weak oversight and operational risks. - The study provided policy recommendations for central banks and decision-makers regarding the need to strengthen regulatory and supervisory frameworks, develop cybersecurity policies, support digital financial inclusion, and promote international cooperation in the field of financial technology. It also recommended that commercial banks invest in digital infrastructure and develop early warning systems for risks, while calling on customers and investors to increase digital financial awareness.

Humanities and Their Impact on Sustainable Development

قصي غازي غانم — Tue, 25 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The concept of development is among the key notions that have received considerable attention from writers and researchers, particularly in recent times. This heightened interest becomes evident when examining the large body of articles addressing the subject, given its significance for individuals and societies across all dimensions. In the economic sphere, development plays a central role in strengthening societal economies, as it represents one of the essential pillars supporting the stability of any community. The aim of this study, which approaches the humanities in general and literature in particular, is to highlight the importance of development and the ways it is nourished through what writers and literary figures have expressed in their texts and cultural heritage. The study seeks to clarify the sound foundations of development and to identify the obstacles that hinder its realization, such as economic afflictions and political and social crises. This orientation guided the structure of the research, which focused on the causes and barriers to development—whether political, economic, or social—through a descriptive-analytical methodology. This approach involved selecting research samples, subjecting them to descriptive analysis, extracting the developmental principles embedded in literary texts, and reading them in light of the authors’ contemporary societies. The study further identifies the major obstacles to development in order to highlight points of strength that can serve as foundations for stable and well-grounded developmental progress, ultimately leading to sustainable, enduring development. The significance of the study thus becomes clear, as it demonstrates that the humanities in general, and literature in particular, play a vital role in understanding social needs, articulating them, and contributing to their enhancement and growth in ways that promote stability and sustainability.